https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/planetas-bajo-observacion-que-muestran-las-fuentes-oficiales-de-la-nasahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/as11-40-5903/as11-40-5903~orig.jpgFotografía documental de la misión Apolo 11.Apollo 11 astronaut on the Moonhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/la-web-cientifica-de-la-nasa-presenta-al-telescopio-roman-como-mision-para-estudiar-energia-oscura-y-materia-oscurahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/as17-148-22727/as17-148-22727~orig.jpgVista documental de la Tierra conocida como The Blue Marble.The Blue Marblehttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/ultimas-noticias-de-astronomia-como-separar-fuentes-oficiales-medios-y-contenidos-de-videohttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA09178/PIA09178~orig.jpgMosaico procesado de imágenes científicas de la misión Cassini.Saturn in backlighthttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/sagitario-ahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA17009/PIA17009~large.jpgIlustración científica del núcleo galáctico, donde se encuentra el agujero negro supermasivo Sagittarius A*.Hustle and Bustle at Center of Milky Wayhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/europahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/europa02-photoa-plumes1042x1042-160919/europa02-photoa-plumes1042x1042-160919~orig.jpgImagen compuesta de Europa con observaciones ultravioletas del telescopio Hubble.Jupiter’s moon Europahttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/nebulosa-de-orionhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA25434/PIA25434~large.jpgComposición infrarroja de M42 elaborada con datos de Spitzer, WISE y Herschel.Orion Nebula in Infraredhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/galaxia-de-andromedahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA04921/PIA04921~large.jpgObservación ultravioleta de M31 obtenida por Galaxy Evolution Explorer.Andromeda Galaxyhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/via-lacteahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA17996/PIA17996~large.jpgMosaico de la Vía Láctea creado con observaciones del telescopio espacial Spitzer.GLIMPSE the Galaxy All the Way Aroundhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/cumulo-de-virgohttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA07906/PIA07906~large.jpgVista ultravioleta de una zona del cúmulo de Virgo obtenida por Galaxy Evolution Explorer.Virgo Galaxy Clusterhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/grupo-localhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA11969/PIA11969~large.jpgComposición infrarroja de la galaxia del Triángulo, miembro del Grupo Local.M33 in the Local Grouphttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/universo-observablehttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA16875/PIA16875~large.jpgMapa de todo el cielo de la misión Planck que representa la distribución de materia hasta el límite del universo observable.Map of Matter in the Universehttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/sistema-solarhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA11800/PIA11800~large.jpgDiagrama ilustrativo de los ocho planetas; las distancias representadas no están a escala.Our Solar System Features Eight Planetshttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/tecnologia/cohetes/falcon-9https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20240928-PH-KLS03_0026/KSC-20240928-PH-KLS03_0026~large.jpgDespegue de Falcon 9 con Crew-9 desde Cabo Cañaveral el 28 de septiembre de 2024.NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 Liftoffhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/nancy-grace-roman-una-mision-de-la-nasa-y-los-limites-de-la-evidencia-disponible-sobre-la-personahttps://live.staticflickr.com/826/27154773587_18c8ce339e_b.jpgFotografía de Nancy Grace Roman junto a Buzz Aldrin.Nancy Grace Roman with Buzz Aldrinhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/el-lanzamiento-del-telescopio-nancy-grace-roman-que-permite-afirmar-la-evidencia-disponiblehttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260824-PH-SER02_0001/KSC-20260824-PH-SER02_0001~orig.jpgEl telescopio espacial Roman durante su encapsulado para el lanzamiento.Roman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/la-referencia-oficial-disponible-situa-al-telescopio-roman-en-el-centro-de-la-actualidad-astronomicahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0002/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0002~orig.jpgEl telescopio espacial Roman durante su encapsulado para el lanzamiento.Roman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/materia-oscura-un-mapa-mas-nitido-para-un-misterio-que-sigue-abiertohttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA26702/PIA26702~orig.pngDatos del telescopio Webb utilizados para estudiar la distribución de materia oscura.Webb Data Reveals Dark Matterhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/el-telescopio-nancy-grace-roman-que-permite-afirmar-la-evidencia-disponiblehttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0004/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0004~orig.jpgEl telescopio espacial Roman durante su encapsulado para el lanzamiento.Roman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/el-calendario-de-ciencia-de-la-nasa-2026-una-guia-visual-no-una-agenda-de-misioneshttps://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a030000/a031300/a031366/spiral_path_horizontal_book-1080p.pngGráfico oficial del Calendario de Ciencia de la NASA 2026 sobre la exploración científica.NASA Science Drives Exploration — 2026 calendar artworkhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/nasa-ciencia-en-espanol-una-puerta-oficial-para-seguir-la-astronomia-y-la-exploracionhttps://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/main_image_star-forming_region_carina_nircam_final-5mb.jpg?w=1024Imagen de la nebulosa Carina destacada en el portal oficial NASA en español.Webb view of the Carina Nebula featured by NASA en españolhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-y-espacio-que-permiten-afirmar-las-fuentes-aportadashttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2024e050140/jsc2024e050140~orig.jpgCohetes y espacio: qué permiten afirmar las fuentes aportadasNASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 members stand in front of a Falcon 9 first-stage boosterhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/dos-anuncios-de-la-nasa-situan-a-las-naves-espaciales-entre-la-cosmologia-y-el-estudio-del-solhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20210723-PH-SPX01_0004/KSC-20210723-PH-SPX01_0004~orig.jpgDos anuncios de la NASA sitúan a las naves espaciales entre la cosmología y el estudio del SolSpaceX Crew Mission Graphics - Falcon 9https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/el-telescopio-nancy-grace-roman-figura-como-lanzado-que-confirma-la-evidencia-disponiblehttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0005/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0005~orig.jpgEl telescopio Nancy Grace Roman figura como lanzado: qué confirma la evidencia disponibleRoman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/nasa-ciencia-en-espanol-una-puerta-oficial-a-la-astronomia-y-la-exploracionhttps://live.staticflickr.com/7212/7217489684_83ce001a6c_b.jpgNASA Ciencia en español: una puerta oficial a la astronomía y la exploraciónNASA science: revealed.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/nasa-ofrece-su-calendario-de-ciencia-2026https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/esd/eo/images/iotd/2026/summer-goes-out-with-a-heat-dome/heatdome_geos5_20260915_th.jpg?w=2000NASA ofrece su Calendario de Ciencia 2026Summer Goes Out With a Heat Domehttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/materia-oscura-un-nuevo-mapa-de-la-nasa-afina-la-vision-de-lo-invisiblehttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/bullet-cluster.jpgMateria oscura: un nuevo mapa de la NASA afina la visión de lo invisibleBullet Cluster (NIRCam Image)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/agujeros-negros-que-sabemos-y-que-siguen-investigando-los-telescopioshttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/by-the-dozen-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors_23938941370_o/by-the-dozen-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors_23938941370_o~orig.jpgAgujeros negros: qué sabemos y qué siguen investigando los telescopiosBy the Dozen: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Mirrorshttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-de-nueva-generacion-que-revelan-sls-new-glenn-y-ariane-6https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss072e757530/iss072e757530~orig.jpgCohetes de nueva generación: qué revelan SLS, New Glenn y Ariane 6The last rays of an orbital sunset outline Earth’s horizonhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/astronomia-en-curso-en-2026-misiones-catalogos-y-el-reto-de-un-cielo-cada-vez-mas-pobladohttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/by-the-dozen-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors_23607727573_o/by-the-dozen-nasas-james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors_23607727573_o~orig.jpgAstronomía en curso en 2026: misiones, catálogos y el reto de un cielo cada vez más pobladoBy the Dozen: NASA's James Webb Space Telescope Mirrorshttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/el-telescopio-roman-de-nasa-una-fecha-de-lanzamiento-citada-pero-un-estado-que-exige-cautelahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0001/KSC-20260821-PH-SER01_0001~orig.jpgEl telescopio Roman de NASA: una fecha de lanzamiento citada, pero un estado que exige cautelaRoman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-de-nueva-generacion-motores-etapas-y-capacidades-bajo-la-lupahttps://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=CHSDM-60B67208F89E2-000001Cohetes de nueva generación: motores, etapas y capacidades bajo la lupaScene from Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin's Play "Ariane"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/roman-ams-02-y-la-ciencia-espacial-en-curso-que-permiten-afirmar-las-fuentes-disponibleshttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000356/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000356~orig.jpgRoman, AMS-02 y la ciencia espacial en curso: qué permiten afirmar las fuentes disponiblesJames Webb Space Telescope Revealedhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-y-observatorios-que-revelan-las-novedades-espaciales-reunidas-para-2026https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000357/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000357~orig.jpgMisiones y observatorios: qué revelan las novedades espaciales reunidas para 2026James Webb Space Telescope Revealedhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-espaciales-en-curso-observaciones-datos-y-planes-para-2026https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_039/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_039~orig.jpgMisiones espaciales en curso: observaciones, datos y planes para 2026Dr. Nancy Grace Roman visits James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ahttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-motores-etapas-y-capacidad-para-llegar-al-espaciohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Andr%C3%A9-Hubert_Roussel_devant_une_fus%C3%A9e_Ariane_6.jpgCohetes: motores, etapas y capacidad para llegar al espacioAndré-Hubert Roussel devant une fusée Ariane 6https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-espaciales-en-preparacion-que-se-sabe-de-roman-y-de-tres-propuestas-de-la-esahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_014/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_014~orig.jpgMisiones espaciales en preparación: qué se sabe de Roman y de tres propuestas de la ESADr. Nancy Grace Roman visits James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ahttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-espaciales-en-curso-que-permiten-afirmar-las-ultimas-pistas-disponibleshttps://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WFIRST_at_the_American_Astronomical_Society_Conference_-_2020_-.jpg/1920px-WFIRST_at_the_American_Astronomical_Society_Conference_-_2020_-.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnailMisiones espaciales en curso: qué permiten afirmar las últimas pistas disponiblesNancy Grace Roman Space Telescope — WFIRST at the American Astronomical Society Conference - 2020 -https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-como-se-combinan-los-motores-solidos-y-liquidos-para-llegar-al-espaciohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Ariane_6_ESA-CC.jpgCohetes: cómo se combinan los motores sólidos y líquidos para llegar al espacioAriane 6 ESA-CChttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/roman-un-gran-telescopio-espacial-con-lanzamiento-anunciado-para-agosto-de-2026https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SPX01_0003/KSC-20260821-PH-SPX01_0003~orig.jpgRoman: un gran telescopio espacial con lanzamiento anunciado para agosto de 2026Roman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/cohetes-como-funcionan-los-vehiculos-que-llevan-cargas-al-espaciohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Ariane_6_maquette_salon_du_Bourget_2013_DSC_0241.JPGCohetes: cómo funcionan los vehículos que llevan cargas al espacioAriane 6 maquette salon du Bourget 2013 DSC 0241https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-espaciales-en-marcha-lo-que-sabemos-y-lo-que-aun-esta-por-llegarhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_015/GSFC_20170331_2017-11028_015~orig.jpgMisiones espaciales en marcha: lo que sabemos y lo que aún está por llegarDr. Nancy Grace Roman visits James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ahttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/misiones-espaciales-en-curso-que-muestran-las-senales-disponibles-para-2026https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000355/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000355~orig.jpgMisiones espaciales en curso: qué muestran las señales disponibles para 2026James Webb Space Telescope Revealedhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/crew-13-que-se-sabe-del-proximo-vuelo-de-nasa-y-spacex-a-la-estacion-espacialhttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20200429-PH-SPX01_0002/KSC-20200429-PH-SPX01_0002~orig.jpgCrew-13: qué se sabe del próximo vuelo de NASA y SpaceX a la Estación EspacialAn illustration of the SpaceX Falcon 9https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/via-lacteahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic2611a.jpgAbout 12 billion years ago, a dwarf galaxy known as LKH (left) collided with a young Milky Way (right) and merged with it. This artist’s concept portrays that collision. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope uncovered definitive evidence of this long-ago collision by studying ancient globular star clusters. [Image description: An illustration of two galaxies in the midst of a collision against a dark, star-filled background. The collision takes up the middle third of the illustration. On the right, a larger galaxy is viewed at an angle from 11 o’clock to 4 o’clock, with a white-yellow core surrounded by mottled brown dust lanes and faint bluish spiral arms. To the left, a smaller, bright blue-white galaxy is stretched into a curved, hook-like shape as gravity distorts it. A broad, glowing bridge of pale blue gas and stars extends off the galaxy at the left, while wispy streams extend above and below the larger galaxy at the right. The words “Artist’s Concept” appear in the lower left corner.]LKH Milky Way merger (artist’s impression)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2603a.jpgThis month’s ESA/Webb Picture of the Month offers us a two-for-one on brand new stars — with some potential planets thrown in as well! This visual highlights views from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope of the protoplanetary discs Tau 042021 (left) and Oph 163131 (right), otherwise known by the catalogue numbers 2MASS J04202144+2813491 and 2MASS J16313124-2426281, respectively. Tau 042021 is situated around 450 light-years from Earth in the constellation Taurus, while Oph 163131 lies about 480 light-years away in Ophiuchus. Protoplanetary discs like these appear around stars that have recently been born. When a clump of gas inside a larger molecular cloud collapses to form a star, unused gas and dust is left orbiting the star in a thick disc. Over time, this dust too collides and collapses, slowly forming planetesimals which can, in turn, develop into planets. The planetesimals which can’t make the jump to being a fully-fledged planet are left behind as asteroids and comets orbiting the star. Gas that isn’t consumed by this process is blown away by the new star’s radiation over the course of tens of millions of years, ending the protoplanetary disc. This is how our own Solar System formed in the distant past, creating the asteroids, comets, gas giants and terrestrial planets we know today. By observing other protoplanetary discs at a much earlier age, we can work out how this process worked for our own Solar System, and how the different kinds of planets we see across the galaxy could have formed. The unique feature these two objects have in common is that, as we see them from our vantage point with Webb, they are oriented with the edge of the disc facing us. This means that the bright light from the young star in the centre is mostly blocked, and we see the fine dust that has risen out of the disc as a nebula above and below the disc, lit by reflected light from the star. Not only is this a beautiful sight, producing these images that resemble rainbow-coloured spinning tops in space, it’s essential for studying how these planet-forming discs are composed. The distribution of dust in the disc, both within it and above or below it, strongly affects where and how planets can form. These images were created using data from Webb’s NIRCam and MIRI instruments, as part of Webb programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt). With the broad infrared sensitivity of these two cameras, Webb can track dust grains of different sizes across the disc. The red, orange and green colours of the discs in these images indicate various sizes of dust grains as well as molecules such as hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both images also feature data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, which shows visible light, mainly from the central star reflected off the fine, floating dust. The image of Oph 163131 also includes observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Where Hubble and Webb each image tiny dust grains only micrometres across, ALMA sees larger dust grains that are about a milimetre in size, which are concentrated in the central plane of the disc. This can create the right conditions for the grains to continue to grow and potentially form planets. Indeed, the ALMA data for Oph 163131 shows a gap in the inner disc, which may already be evidence of a planet forming and clearing out the dust around it. [Image Description: Two images of protoplanetary discs side-by-side. The left image shows a dark horizontal band covering the star, with broad, colourful, conical outflows above and below it, and a narrow jet pointing directly up and down from the star. The right image shows the star within a yellow dusty disc, with scattered dust creating purple lobes above and below the disc. Each is on a black background with several galaxies or stars around it.] Links Wide view of Oph 163131 Annotated close-up of Oph 163131 Image of Tau 042021 Image on ESA website Pan video Space Sparks episode Science paper (G. Duchêne et al.) Science paper (M. Villenave et al.) Science paper (M. Villenave et al.)A pair of planet-forming discshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2510b.jpgThis new annotated NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month features a cosmic creepy-crawly called NGC 6537 — the Red Spider Nebula. Using its Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam), Webb has revealed never-before-seen details in this picturesque planetary nebula with a rich backdrop of thousands of stars. Planetary nebulae like the Red Spider Nebula form when ordinary stars like the Sun reach the end of their lives. After ballooning into cool red giants, these stars shed their outer layers and cast them into space, exposing their white-hot cores. Ultraviolet light from the central star ionises the cast-off material, causing it to glow. The planetary nebula phase of a star’s life is as fleeting as it is beautiful, lasting only a few tens of thousands of years. Starting at the centre, this image indicates the location of the planetary nebula’s central star, which has a scorching temperature of 160 000 K. Surrounding this dying star is a doughnut-shaped torus of gas and dust, the innermost portion of which has been ionised by the fierce ultraviolet radiation from the superheated central star. The remainder of the torus, farther from the star, is much colder and is slowly expanding outward. The rumpled appearance of the gas that forms the spider’s ‘legs’ comes from the interaction between outflows that emerge from opposite sides of the star and material that is swept up by the outflowing gas, creating shock waves. Webb’s view reveals for the first time the full extent of the nebula’s outstretched lobes. These lobes, shown in blue, are traced by light emitted from H2 molecules, which contain two hydrogen atoms bonded together. Stretching over the entirety of NIRCam’s field of view, these lobes are shown to be closed, bubble-like structures that each extend about 3 light-years. Outflowing gas from the centre of the nebula has inflated these massive bubbles over thousands of years. Tracing out an elongated purple ‘S’ shape, ionised iron atoms mark where a jet has emerged from the vicinity of the central star and collided with material that was cast off by the star previously. The observations used to create this image come from Webb GO programme #4571 (PI: J. Kastner) as part of a joint Chandra-JWST observing programme, which aims to understand how bipolar planetary nebulae like the Red Spider Nebula are shaped by the outflows and jets that emerge from the stars at their cores.. [Image Description: The central region of a planetary nebula is shown in a box. Labels indicate “Shock waves”, “Outflow collisions”, and an “Ionised jet” in the dust on both sides of the nebula. Close to the centre, “Dusty torus” and “Ionised torus” are marked. In the very middle, a faint dot inside a blotchy pink cloud is labelled “Dying star”. Bright stars surround the nebula and can be seen through the dust layers.] Links Science paper NIRCam image Slider tool: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 6537 Image on ESA website Pan video Transition Video: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 6537 Space Sparks EpisodeRed Spider Nebula, NGC 6537 (annotated)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/via-lacteahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/potm2606a.jpgThe subject of today’s ESA/Hubble Picture of the Month is an ancient inhabitant of our galaxy. This sparkling scene is of a globular cluster: a collection of tens of thousands to millions of stars, all tightly bound together under the influence of gravity. Astronomers know of more than 150 globular clusters in our galaxy, though there may be others yet to be discovered, hidden from view by dust or densely packed fields of stars. This particular globular cluster is NGC 6723, sometimes called the Chandelier Cluster. Much like its namesake, this cluster sparkles with countless lights — but each ‘lightbulb’ in this chandelier is an individual star 27 000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius (the Archer). Globular clusters like NGC 6723 contain some of the oldest stars in our galaxy. The ages of these clusters often exceed 10 billion years old, and some are nearly as old as the Universe itself. Globular clusters are thought to be some of the first structures to have formed in our galaxy, coalescing potentially billions of years before the thin disk of stars in which our Sun orbits. The details of how globular clusters formed, however, are not yet certain. Astronomers initially thought that all stars in a globular cluster formed at the same time in a single flourish of star formation. This would mean that all stars in a globular cluster would be the same age and be made of the same mixture of chemical elements. Now, thanks to observations from telescopes like Hubble, researchers know that these seemingly simple stellar populations have more complex histories than originally thought. Hubble first observed NGC 6723 as part of an ambitious survey dedicated to demystifying the properties of globular clusters in our Milky Way galaxy. In this observing programme (#10775, PI: Sarajedini), researchers used Hubble to study 65 globular clusters in our galaxy in visible and near-infrared light. These data allowed researchers to study everything from the ages of globular clusters to the process through which massive stars sink to the centre of a star cluster and lower-mass stars drift toward the cluster outskirts. This survey has been immensely scientifically valuable, and these observations have inspired several hundred published research papers. In a later observing programme (#13297, PI: Piotto), researchers set their sights again on many of these same clusters, including NGC 6723. This time, they used Hubble’s unique sensitivity to ultraviolet light to detect the subtle variations in chemical composition between the stars of globular clusters and determine the age spread among the clusters’ stars. For NGC 6723, researchers found evidence of two closely-spaced periods of star formation, the second occurring within 634 million years of the first. (‘Closely-spaced’ is relative; 634 million years is a blink of an eye for a star cluster that is more than 10 billion years old!) Thanks to these findings, astronomers are on the path to understanding how and when globular clusters formed — and Hubble observations of celestial chandeliers like NGC 6723 are lighting the way. [Image Description: A globular cluster. It is made up of many thousands of bright stars, tightly-packed in the centre and more spread out at the corners, but filling the entire view. The stars are coloured either orange or bright blue, with the blue stars mainly concentrated in the centre. Orange stars are located mainly around the edge, and also vary in size from small dots to glowing stars with four points, based on their position in the foreground or background of the cluster.] Links Pan video: NGC 6723 Image on NASA websiteStarry chandelierhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2510a.jpgThis new NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month features a cosmic creepy-crawly called NGC 6537 — the Red Spider Nebula. Using its Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam), Webb has revealed never-before-seen details in this picturesque planetary nebula with a rich backdrop of thousands of stars. Planetary nebulae like the Red Spider Nebula form when ordinary stars like the Sun reach the end of their lives. After ballooning into cool red giants, these stars shed their outer layers and cast them into space, exposing their white-hot cores. Ultraviolet light from the central star ionises the cast-off material, causing it to glow. The planetary nebula phase of a star’s life is as fleeting as it is beautiful, lasting only a few tens of thousands of years. The central star of the Red Spider Nebula is visible in this image, glowing just brighter than the webs of dusty gas that surround it. The surprising nature of the nebula’s tremendously hot and luminous central star has been revealed by Webb’s NIRCam. In optical-wavelength images, such as from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, the star appears faint and blue. But in the NIRCam images, it shows up as red: thanks to its sensitive near-infrared capabilities, Webb has revealed a shroud of hot dust surrounding the central star. This hot dust likely orbits the central star, in a disc structure. Though only a single star is visible in the Red Spider’s heart, a hidden companion star may lurk there as well. A stellar companion could explain the nebula’s shape, including its characteristic narrow waist and wide outflows. This hourglass shape is seen in other planetary nebulae such as the Butterfly Nebula, which Webb also recently observed. Webb’s new view of the Red Spider Nebula reveals for the first time the full extent of the nebula’s outstretched lobes, which form the ‘legs’ of the spider. These lobes, shown in blue, are traced by light emitted from H2 molecules, which contain two hydrogen atoms bonded together. Stretching over the entirety of NIRCam’s field of view, these lobes are shown to be closed, bubble-like structures that each extend about 3 light-years. Outflowing gas from the centre of the nebula has inflated these massive bubbles over thousands of years. Gas is also actively jetting out from the nebula’s centre, as these new Webb observations show. An elongated purple ‘S’ shape centred on the heart of the nebula follows the light from ionised iron atoms. This feature marks where a fast-moving jet has emerged from near the nebula’s central star and collided with material that was previously cast away by the star, sculpting the rippling structure of the nebula seen today. The observations used to create this image come from Webb GO programme #4571 (PI: J. Kastner) as part of a joint Chandra-JWST observing programme, which aims to understand how bipolar planetary nebulae like the Red Spider Nebula are shaped by the outflows and jets that emerge from the stars at their cores. [Image Description: A large planetary nebula. The nebula’s central star is hidden by a blotchy pinkish cloud of dust. A strong red light radiates from this area, illuminating the nearby dust. Two large loops extend diagonally away from the centre, formed of thin ridges of molecular gas, here coloured blue. They stretch out to the corners of the view. A huge number of bright, whitish stars cover the background, also easily visible through the thin dust layers.] Links Science paper Annotated image Slider tool: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 6537 Image on ESA website Pan video Transition Video: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 6537 Space Sparks EpisodeThe Red Spider Nebula, caught by Webbhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/agencias/nasahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic2609b.jpgThis galaxy field contains the oddball galaxy MXDFz4.4 that existed only 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang, when the Universe was still a “swirl” of opaque and clear gas as the Era of Reionisation was ending. Detailed visible-light images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope revealed that several bursts of younger stars cleared the space in and around the galaxy. The team sifted through extensive Hubble observations that produced deep exposures of the field where this galaxy is located. The colour assignments in the image emphasise the specific wavelengths of light Hubble observed where ionising photons from MXDFz4.4 were detected, which transformed the gas around them from opaque to clear. Researchers have long sought evidence to explain how the Universe transitioned from foggy to transparent — and Hubble has provided the first example this close to the era of reionisation of how that might have happened within an individual galaxy. [Image description: Thousands of galaxies appear across the black background of space. The galaxies range in size, from big blobs and larger face-on spirals to short lines and tiny dots. The galaxies appear in a variety of colours, including orange, white, pink, and blue.]Galaxy field of MXDFz4.4 (Hubble and Webb clean image)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic2609a.jpgThis shows the galaxy MXDFz4.4, enlarged at right, in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), captured by both the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera). Oddball galaxy MXDFz4.4 existed only 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang, when the Universe was still a “swirl” of opaque and clear gas as the Era of Reionisation was ending. Detailed visible-light images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope revealed that several bursts of younger stars cleared the space in and around the galaxy. The team sifted through extensive Hubble observations that produced deep exposures of the field where this galaxy is located. The colour assignments in the image emphasise the specific wavelengths of light Hubble observed where ionising photons from MXDFz4.4 were detected, which transformed the gas around them from opaque to clear. Researchers have long sought evidence to explain how the Universe transitioned from foggy to transparent — and Hubble has provided the first example this close to the era of reionisation of how that might have happened within an individual galaxy. [Image description: Thousands of galaxies appear across the black background of space. The galaxies range in size, from big blobs and larger face-on spirals to short lines and tiny dots. The galaxies appear in a variety of colours, including orange, white, pink, and blue. One prominent foreground star appears toward the lower right with several diffraction spikes. A white square highlights one tiny pinpoint of blue light in the top third, which is blown up in a box above it and labeled MXDFz4.4. The galaxy has a light blue core with some yellow and red blotches around its edges.]Galactic pioneer MXDFz4.4 (annotated Hubble and Webb image)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/lunahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic2609c.jpgThis shows the galaxy MXDFz4.4, enlarged at right, in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), captured by both the Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera). The image shows compass arrows, scale bar, and colour key for reference. The north and east compass arrows show the orientation of the image on the sky. Note that the relationship between north and east on the sky (as seen from below) is flipped relative to direction arrows on a map of the ground (as seen from above). At the bottom left, the scale bar is labeled in arcseconds, a measure of angular distance on the sky. One arcsecond is equal to an angular measurement of 1/3600 of one degree. There are 60 arcminutes in a degree and 60 arcseconds in an arcminute. (The full Moon has an angular diameter of about 30 arcminutes.) The actual size of an object that covers one arcsecond on the sky depends on its distance from the telescope. This image shows visible and near-infrared wavelengths of light that have been translated into visible-light colours. The colour key shows which ACS and NIRCam filters were used when collecting the light. The colour of each filter name is the visible light colour used to represent the light that passes through that filter. [Image description: Image with compass arrows and colour key. Thousands of galaxies appear across the black background of space in a range of sizes and colours. A white square highlights one pinpoint of blue light in the top third, which is blown up in a box above it and labeled MXDFz4.4. To the top left is a colour key showing which HST ACS/WFC and JWST NIRCam filters were used to create the image and which visible-light colour was assigned to each. Hubble: F435W (blue), F606W, F775W, F814W, F850LP (green); JWST: F090W, F115W, F150W, F182M, F200W, F210M, F277W, F335M, F356W, F410M, F430M, F444W. At the bottom left is a scale bar labeled 30 arcseconds. The length of the scale bar is about one fourth of the image. At the bottom right are compass arrows indicating the orientation of the image on the sky. The east arrow points toward 9 o’clock. The north arrow points toward 120 o’clock.]Galaxy MXDFz4.4 (Hubble and Webb compass image)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2508b.jpgThis NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope provides a close-up view of IRAS 04302+2247, a planet-forming disc located about 525 light-years away in a dark cloud within the Taurus star-forming region. With Webb, researchers can study the properties and growth of dust grains within protoplanetary discs like this one, shedding light on the earliest stages of planet formation. In stellar nurseries across the galaxy, baby stars are forming in giant clouds of cold gas. As young stars grow, the gas surrounding them collects in narrow, dusty protoplanetary discs. This sets the scene for the formation of planets, and observations of distant protoplanetary discs can help researchers understand what took place roughly 4.5 billion years ago in our own Solar System, when the Sun, Earth, and the other planets formed. IRAS 04302+2247, or IRAS 04302 for short, is a beautiful example of a protostar - a young star that is still gathering mass from its environment - surrounded by a protoplanetary disc in which baby planets might be forming. Webb is able to measure the disc at 65 billion kilometres across - several times the diameter of our Solar System. From Webb’s vantage point, IRAS 04302’s disc is oriented edge-on, so we see it as a narrow, dark line of dusty gas that blocks the light from the budding protostar at its centre. This dusty gas is fuel for planet formation, providing an environment within which young planets can bulk up and pack on mass. When seen face-on, protoplanetary discs can have a variety of structures like rings, gaps and spirals. These structures can be signs of baby planets that are burrowing through the dusty disc, or they can point to phenomena unrelated to planets, like gravitational instabilities or regions where dust grains are trapped. The edge-on view of IRAS 04302’s disc shows instead the vertical structure, including how thick the dusty disk is. Dust grains migrate to the midplane of the disc, settle there and form a thin, dense layer that is conducive to planet formation; the thickness of the disc is a measure of how efficient this process has been. The dense streak of dusty gas that runs vertically across this image cocoons IRAS 04302, blotting out its bright light such that Webb can more easily image the delicate structures around it. As a result, treated to the sight of two gauzy nebulae on either side of the disc. These are reflection nebulae, illuminated by light from the central protostar reflecting off of the nebular material. Given the appearance of the two reflection nebulae, IRAS 04302 has been nicknamed the “Butterfly Star”. This view of IRAS 04302 combines observations from Webb, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA). Webb contributed data from both its Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and its Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). Together, these three powerful facilities paint a fascinating multiwavelength portrait of a planetary birthplace. Webb reveals the distribution of tiny dust grains as well as the reflection of near-infrared light off of dusty material that extends a large distance from the disc. Hubble focuses on the dust lane as well as clumps and streaks surrounding the dust that suggest the star is still collecting mass from its surroundings as well as shooting out jets and outflows. ALMA detects the glow of larger dust grains within the disk, showing that for a disc as young as IRAS 04302, the dust has yet to settle into a narrow plane as is expected for more evolved discs. The Webb observations of IRAS 04302 were taken as part of the Webb GO programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt). This programme investigates four protoplanetary discs that are oriented edge-on from our point of view, aiming to understand how dust evolves within these discs. The growth of dust grains in protoplanetary discs is believed to be an important step toward planet formation. [Image Description: A detailed view of IRAS 16594-4656 captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. A bright central region is bisected by a thin, horizontal line of dark dust. Symmetrical lobes of glowing gas extend above and below, with soft blue, purple, and orange hues blending outward into surrounding space.] Links: Wide-field view of IRAS 04302+2247 Science paper (M. Villenave et al.) Pan videoZoom in on a dusty dischttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/potw2448a.jpgFeatured in this new NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week is the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. This galaxy is notable as a part of the group of galaxies studied in Hubble’s Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project, which aimed to determine a new state-of-the-art value for the Hubble constant, one of the then-new telescope’s primary science goals. The contribution of NGC 2090 was in calibrating the Tully-Fisher (TF) distance method, by observing Cepheid variable stars in the galaxy. The Cepheid-based measurement from that study in 1998 put NGC 2090 as 37 million light-years away; the newest measurement from 2020, using the TF method, has NGC 2090 slightly farther away, at 40 million light-years. Before and since that project, NGC 2090 has been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation. It has been described as a flocculent spiral, meaning a spiral galaxy with a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. This Hubble image shows well why NGC 2090 earned that description, but its spiral arms do appear among the dust as winding lanes of light. NGC 2090 is a galaxy still full of activity, with clusters of star formation at various stages of evolution spread across the disc. Examining star formation and the movement of matter in galaxies was the motivation for these Hubble observations, taken in October of this year. Likewise Hubble’s partner in space astronomy, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, has also spied on this galaxy to add infrared data to this overall picture of galaxy evolution. [Image Description: A spiral galaxy with a wide, oval-shaped disc. It has a shining spot at the centre which is surrounded by a whirl of dark threads and patches of dust, all atop a luminous disc. Some brighter lanes curving through the disc indicate the galaxy’s spiral arms. The glow of the disc fades smoothly into a dark background where faint, extended patches of stars can be seen, as well as some foreground stars.] Links Pan of NGC 2090Viewing a flaky dischttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/sci26004b.jpgThis latest Picture of the Month from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope features Messier 77 (M77), a barred spiral galaxy famous and appreciated among astronomers for its combination of relative proximity and spectacular features to study. It is located 45 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus (The Whale). This new image from Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) highlights its swirling spiral arms, the dust in its disc and its piercingly bright core like never before. At the heart of M77 is a compact region filled with hot gas that handily outshines the rest of the galaxy put together, even overcoming the light-gathering capacity of Webb’s cameras. This is an active galactic nucleus (AGN), and it’s powered by M77’s central supermassive black hole, which is eight million times as massive as our Sun. Gas in the galaxy’s central regions is pulled by the strong gravity into a tight and rapid orbit around the black hole, where it crashes together and heats up, releasing tremendous amounts of radiation. The bright orange lines appearing to radiate out from the centre of M77 are not actually a feature of the galaxy: they are a type of distortion that arises from the optical design of the telescope. Called diffraction spikes, they are created because the intense light from the unresolved AGN is bent (“diffracted”) very slightly at the edges of Webb’s hexagonal mirror panels and around one of the struts that hold up its secondary mirror. This distinctive six-plus-two-pointed pattern is the same for any image taken by Webb. For diffraction spikes to appear, the light source has to be very bright and very concentrated, so they’re most often seen on stars. But in some galaxies, as here, the nucleus is bright and compact enough to make diffraction spikes appear as well. M77 is not just known for its easily visible AGN, but also as a prolific star-forming galaxy. The near-infrared image of M77 reveals a bar spanning across the central region, which doesn’t appear in visible-light images of the galaxy. The bar is enclosed by a bright ring, called a starburst ring, formed by the inner ends of M77’s two spiral arms. Starburst regions in galaxies are typified by extremely high star-formation rates. This ring is more than 6 000 light-years across and displays intense and widespread starbursts, visible in this image by the densely concentrated orange bubbles all around the ring. Since M77 is relatively close to Earth, this starburst ring is a very well-studied example of the phenomenon. As an active spiral galaxy, M77’s disc is filled with gas and dust which is both a product of and fuel for future star formation. Webb’s MIRI fills out our view of the galaxy with the glow of interstellar dust grains emitted at longer wavelengths, shown here in blue. The dust forms a huge vortex of smoky, swirling filaments with cavities in between. The glowing orange bubbles carved out by newly formed star clusters are also prominently visible out along the galaxy’s arms. Beyond Webb’s quite focused view, M77’s arms join into a faint extended ring of hydrogen gas thousands of light-years wide, where yet more star formation is taking place. Vast, tenuous filaments of hydrogen gas stretch across this ring and out into intergalactic space, forming an outermost layer around the galaxy. For the tentacle-like appearance of these filaments, M77 is also named the Squid Galaxy. The data used to create this image are from an observing programme (#3707) that surveyed massive, nearby, star-forming galaxies to create a rich dataset useful for many scientific investigations. As can be seen here, the stunning resolution of Webb’s instruments reveals star clusters and rich reservoirs of gas, which can be used to explore the cycle of star formation, life and death in these and other galaxies. [Image Description: A spiral galaxy shown in mid-infrared light. The image is dominated by an extremely bright glow from the galaxy’s nucleus. Six large and two smaller rays of light emit from the centre, which are diffraction spikes created by the telescope’s optics. The galaxy’s spiral arms are visible by two lines of glowing orange bubbles which whirl out into the disc. Swirling blue clouds of dust make up the rest of the galaxy.] Links Messier 77 (MIRI + NIRCam image) Messier 77 (NIRCam image) Image on ESA website Space Sparks episode Pan video Transition videoA beacon of light in swirls of dusthttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/sci26004a.jpgThis artist’s concept depicts planet TRAPPIST-1 d passing in front of its turbulent star, with other members of the closely packed system shown in the background. The TRAPPIST-1 system is intriguing to scientists for a few reasons. Not only does the system have seven Earth-sized rocky worlds, but its star is a red dwarf, the most common type of star in the Milky Way galaxy. If an Earth-sized world can maintain an atmosphere here, and thus have the potential for liquid surface water, the chance of finding similar worlds throughout the galaxy is much higher. In studying the TRAPPIST-1 planets, scientists are determining the best methods for separating starlight from potential atmospheric signatures in data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The star TRAPPIST-1’s variability, with frequent flares, provides a challenging testing ground for these methods. [Image description: Illustration of a planet silhouetted in front of a star. The star shows a large eruption on one side and more wisps of red coming from its southern hemisphere. Two more planets appear in the background.]TRAPPIST-1 d (artist impression)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2508a.jpgFor this new Picture of the Month feature, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has provided a fantastic new view of IRAS 04302+2247, a planet-forming disc located about 525 light-years away in a dark cloud within the Taurus star-forming region. With Webb, researchers can study the properties and growth of dust grains within protoplanetary discs like this one, shedding light on the earliest stages of planet formation. In stellar nurseries across the galaxy, baby stars are forming in giant clouds of cold gas. As young stars grow, the gas surrounding them collects in narrow, dusty protoplanetary discs. This sets the scene for the formation of planets, and observations of distant protoplanetary discs can help researchers understand what took place roughly 4.5 billion years ago in our own Solar System, when the Sun, Earth, and the other planets formed. IRAS 04302+2247, or IRAS 04302 for short, is a beautiful example of a protostar - a young star that is still gathering mass from its environment - surrounded by a protoplanetary disc in which baby planets might be forming. Webb is able to measure the disc at 65 billion kilometres across - several times the diameter of our Solar System. From Webb’s vantage point, IRAS 04302’s disc is oriented edge-on, so we see it as a narrow, dark line of dusty gas that blocks the light from the budding protostar at its centre. This dusty gas is fuel for planet formation, providing an environment within which young planets can bulk up and pack on mass. When seen face-on, protoplanetary discs can have a variety of structures like rings, gaps and spirals. These structures can be signs of baby planets that are burrowing through the dusty disc, or they can point to phenomena unrelated to planets, like gravitational instabilities or regions where dust grains are trapped. The edge-on view of IRAS 04302’s disc shows instead the vertical structure, including how thick the dusty disk is. Dust grains migrate to the midplane of the disc, settle there and form a thin, dense layer that is conducive to planet formation; the thickness of the disc is a measure of how efficient this process has been. The dense streak of dusty gas that runs vertically across this image cocoons IRAS 04302, blotting out its bright light such that Webb can more easily image the delicate structures around it. As a result, we’re treated to the sight of two gauzy nebulae on either side of the disc. These are reflection nebulae, illuminated by light from the central protostar reflecting off of the nebular material. Given the appearance of the two reflection nebulae, IRAS 04302 has been nicknamed the “Butterfly Star”. This view of IRAS 04302 features observations from Webb's Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and its Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), combined with optical data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Together, these powerful facilities paint a fascinating multiwavelength portrait of a planetary birthplace. Webb reveals the distribution of tiny dust grains as well as the reflection of near-infrared light off of dusty material that extends a large distance from the disc, while Hubble focuses on the dust lane as well as clumps and streaks surrounding the dust that suggest the star is still collecting mass from its surroundings as well as shooting out jets and outflows. The Webb observations of IRAS 04302 were taken as part of the Webb GO programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt). This programme investigates four protoplanetary discs that are oriented edge-on from our point of view, aiming to understand how dust evolves within these discs. The growth of dust grains in protoplanetary discs is believed to be an important step toward planet formation. [Image description: A wide-field image of IRAS 16594-4656 taken by the James Webb Space Telescope. The nebula’s bright core is split by a narrow dark band, with expansive rainbow lobes of light and colour radiating outward. Numerous background galaxies and stars are visible across the field.] Links: Close-up view of IRAS 04302+2247 Science paper (M. Villenave et al.) Pan video Image on ESA websiteDusty wisps round a dusty dischttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2501a.jpgThis new NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month presents HH 30 in unprecedented resolution. This target is an edge-on protoplanetary disc that is surrounded by jets and a disc wind, and is located in the dark cloud LDN 1551 in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Herbig-Haro objects are small nebulae found in star formation regions, marking the locations where gas outflowing from young stars is heated into luminescence by shockwaves. HH 30 is an example of where this outflowing gas takes the form of a narrow jet. The source star is located on one end of the jet, hidden behind an edge-on protoplanetary disc that the star is illuminating. HH 30 is of particular interest to astronomers. In fact, the HH 30 disc is considered the prototype of an edge-on disc, thanks to its early discovery with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Discs seen from this view are a unique laboratory to study the settling and drift of dust grains. An international team of astronomers have used Webb to investigate the target in unprecedented detail. By combining Webb’s observations with those from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the team was able to study the multiwavelength disc appearance of the system. The long-wavelength data from ALMA trace the location of millimetre-sized dust grains, which are found in a narrow region in the central plane of the disc. The shorter-wavelength infrared data from Webb reveal the distribution of smaller dust grains. These grains are only one millionth of a metre across — about the size of a single bacterium. While the large dust grains are concentrated in the densest parts of the disc, the small grains are much more widespread. These Webb observations were taken as part of the Webb GO programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt), which aims to understand how dust evolves in edge-on discs like HH 30. Combined with the keen radio-wavelength eyes of ALMA, these observations show that large dust grains must migrate within the disc and settle in a thin layer. The creation of a narrow, dense layer of dust is an important stage in the process of planet formation. In this dense region, dust grains clump together to form pebbles and eventually planets themselves. In addition to the behaviour of dust grains, the Webb, Hubble, and ALMA images reveal several distinct structures that are nested within one another. Emerging at a 90-degree angle from the narrow central disc is a high-velocity jet of gas. The narrow jet is surrounded by a wider, cone-shaped outflow. Enclosing the conical outflow is a wide nebula that reflects the light from the young star that is embedded within the disc. Together, these data reveal HH 30 to be a dynamic place, where tiny dust grains and massive jets alike play a role in the formation of new planets. The annotated verision of this image can be seen here. [Image Description: A close-in image of a protoplanetary disc around a newly formed star. Many different wavelengths of light are combined and represented by separate and various colours. A dark line across the centre is the disc, corresponding to the densest parts of the disc, made of opaque dust: the star is hidden in here and creates a strong glow in the centre. A band going straight up is a jet, while other outflows above and below the disc, and a tail coming off to one side.] Links Science paper Hubble, Webb NIRCam and MIRI, and ALMA images of HH 30 Annotated image of HH 30’s features Image on ESA website Video: Pan of HH 30Webb investigates a dusty and dynamic dischttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2501c.jpgThis new NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month presents HH 30 in unprecedented resolution. This target is an edge-on protoplanetary disc that is surrounded by jets and a disc wind, and is located in the dark cloud LDN 1551 in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Herbig-Haro objects are small nebulae found in star formation regions, marking the locations where gas outflowing from young stars is heated into luminescence by shockwaves. HH 30 is an example of where this outflowing gas takes the form of a narrow jet. The source star is located on one end of the jet, hidden behind an edge-on protoplanetary disc that the star is illuminating. HH 30 is of particular interest to astronomers. In fact, the HH 30 disc is considered the prototype of an edge-on disc, thanks to its early discovery with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Discs seen from this view are a unique laboratory to study the settling and drift of dust grains. An international team of astronomers have used Webb to investigate the target in unprecedented detail. By combining Webb’s observations with those from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the team was able to study the multiwavelength disc appearance of the system and its dynamic structures. These Webb observations were taken as part of the Webb GO programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt), which aims to understand how dust evolves in edge-on discs like HH 30. Combined with the keen radio-wavelength eyes of ALMA, these observations show that large dust grains must migrate within the disc and settle in a thin layer. The creation of a narrow, dense layer of dust is an important stage in the process of planet formation. In this dense region, dust grains clump together to form pebbles and eventually planets themselves. In addition to the behaviour of dust grains, the Webb, Hubble, and ALMA images reveal several distinct structures that are nested within one another. Emerging at a 90-degree angle from the narrow central disc is a high-velocity jet of gas. The Webb data showed that clumps of gas within the jet are moving at 121 kilometres per second. The narrow jet is surrounded by a wider, cone-shaped outflow. Enclosing the conical outflow is a broad nebula that reflects the light from the young star that is embedded within the disc. This structure shows a hint of a spiral, similar to what is seen in other young protoplanetary discs, as well as a ‘tail’-like feature that extends to one side. While the origins of these features have yet to be determined, together they reveal HH 30 to be a dynamic site of planet formation. [Image Description: A close-in image of protoplanetary disc HH 30. Parts of the image are labelled “Jet” (above and below the disc), “Conical Outflow”, “Possible Spiral”, “Dark Lane”, “Disk”, and “Tail”. A scale marker in the bottom-left is labelled “300 au”; this is a little wider than the disc itself, but less wide than the conical outflows above and below the disc.] Links Science paper Webb image of HH 30 Hubble, Webb NIRCam and MIRI, and ALMA images of HH 30Webb spies a multifaceted dischttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/potw2425a.jpgA visually striking collection of interstellar gas and dust is the focus of this week's Hubble Picture of the Week. Named RCW 7, the nebula is located just over 5300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Puppis. Nebulae are areas of space that are rich in the raw material needed to form new stars. Under the influence of gravity, parts of these molecular clouds collapse until they coalesce into protostars, surrounded by spinning discs of leftover gas and dust. In the case of RCW 7, the protostars forming here are particularly massive, giving off strongly ionising radiation and fierce stellar winds that have transformed it into what is known as a H II region. H II regions are filled with hydrogen ions — where H I refers to a normal hydrogen atom, H II is hydrogen that has lost its electron. The ultraviolet radiation from the massive protostars excites the hydrogen, causing it to emit light and giving this nebula its soft pinkish glow. Here Hubble is studying a particular massive protostellar binary named IRAS 07299-1651, still in its glowing cocoon of gas in the curling clouds towards the top of the nebula. To expose this star and its siblings, this image was captured using the Wide Field Camera 3 in near-infrared light. The massive protostars here are brightest in ultraviolet light, but they emit plenty of infrared light which can pass through much of the gas and dust around them and be seen by Hubble. Many of the other, larger-looking stars in this image are not part of the nebula, but sit between it and our Solar System. The creation of an H II region marks the beginning of the end for a molecular cloud. Over only a few million years, the radiation and winds from the massive stars gradually disperse the gas — even more so as the most massive stars come to the end of their lives in supernova explosions. Only a fraction of the gas will be incorporated into new stars in this nebula, with the rest being spread throughout the galaxy to eventually form new molecular clouds. [Image Description: Clouds of gas and dust with many stars. The clouds form a flat blue background towards the bottom, and become more thick and smoky towards the top. They are lit on one side by stars in the nebula. A thick arc of gas and dust reaches around from the top, where it is brightly lit by many stars in and around it, to the bottom where it is dark and obscuring. Other large stars lie between the clouds and the viewer.] Links Science paper in Nature Astronomy Pan of RCW 7A transformation in progresshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/agencias/nasahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo2418a.jpgAstronomers have used new data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the retired NASA SOFIA observatory (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) as well as archival data from other missions to revisit one of the strangest binary star systems in our galaxy – 40 years after it burst onto the scene as a bright and long-lived nova. A nova is a star that suddenly increases its brightness tremendously and then fades away to its former obscurity, usually in a few months or years. Between April and September 1975, the binary system HM Sagittae (HM Sge) grew 250 times brighter. Even more unusual, it did not rapidly fade away as novae commonly do, but has maintained its luminosity for decades. Recently, observations show that the system has gotten hotter, but paradoxically faded a little. The 2021 ultraviolet data from Hubble showed a strong emission line of highly ionised magnesium that was not present in earlier published spectra from 1990. Its presence shows that the estimated temperature of the white dwarf and accretion disk increased from less than 220,000 degrees Celsius in 1989 to greater than 250,000 degrees Celsius now. The highly ionised magnesium line is one of many seen in the UV spectrum, which analysed together will reveal the energetics of the system, and how it has changed in the last three decades. With data from NASA's flying telescope SOFIA, which retired in 2022, the team was able to detect the water, gas, and dust flowing in and around the system. Infrared spectral data shows that the giant star, which produces copious amounts of dust, returned to its normal behaviour within only a couple years of the explosion, but also that it has dimmed in recent years, which is another puzzle to be explained. With SOFIA astronomers were able to see water moving at around 28 kilometres per second, which they suspect is the speed of the sizzling accretion disk around the white dwarf. The bridge of gas connecting the giant star to the white dwarf must presently span about 3.2 billion kilometres. This artist’s concept shows the nova system HM Sagittae (HM Sge), where a white dwarf star is pulling material from its red giant companion. This forms a blazing hot disk around the dwarf, which can unpredictably undergo a spontaneous thermonuclear explosion as the infall of hydrogen from the red giant grows denser and reaches a tipping point. These fireworks between companion stars are fascinating to astronomers by yielding insights into the physics and dynamics of stellar evolution in binary systems. Learn more about these results here.Nova in binary star system HM Sagittae (artist's concept)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/agencias/nasahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo2418b.jpgThis is a NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of the symbiotic star Mira HM Sge. Located 3,400 light-years away in the constellation Sagitta, it consists of a red giant and a white dwarf companion. The stars are too close together to be resolved by Hubble. Material bleeds off the red giant and falls onto the dwarf, making it extremely bright. This system first flared up as a nova in 1975. The red nebulosity is evidence of the stellar wind. The nebula is about one-quarter light-year across. Astronomers have used new data from Hubble and the retired NASA SOFIA observatory (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) as well as archival data from other missions to revisit the binary star system. Between April and September 1975, the binary system HM Sagittae (HM Sge) grew 250 times brighter. Even more unusual, it did not rapidly fade away as novae commonly do, but has maintained its luminosity for decades. Recently, observations show that the system has gotten hotter, but paradoxically faded a little. The 2021 ultraviolet data from Hubble showed a strong emission line of highly ionised magnesium that was not present in earlier published spectra from 1990. Its presence shows that the estimated temperature of the white dwarf and accretion disk increased from less than 220,000 degrees Celsius in 1989 to greater than 250,000 degrees Celsius now. The highly ionised magnesium line is one of many seen in the UV spectrum, which analysed together will reveal the energetics of the system, and how it has changed in the last three decades. With data from NASA's flying telescope SOFIA, which retired in 2022, the team was able to detect the water, gas, and dust flowing in and around the system. Infrared spectral data shows that the giant star, which produces copious amounts of dust, returned to its normal behaviour within only a couple years of the explosion, but also that it has dimmed in recent years, which is another puzzle to be explained. With SOFIA astronomers were able to see water moving at around 28 kilometres per second, which they suspect is the speed of the sizzling accretion disk around the white dwarf. The bridge of gas connecting the giant star to the white dwarf must presently span about 3.2 billion kilometres.Symbiotic star Mira HM Sgehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2501b.jpgThis new NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month presents HH 30 in unprecedented resolution, complementing observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). This target is an edge-on protoplanetary disc that is surrounded by jets and a disc wind, and is located in the dark cloud LDN 1551 in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Herbig-Haro objects, like HH 30, are luminous regions surrounding newborn stars (known as protostars). They form when stellar winds or jets of gas spewing from these newborn stars form shockwaves as they collide with nearby gas and dust at high speeds. HH 30 is of particular interest to astronomers. In fact, the HH 30 disc is considered the prototype of an edge-on disc, thanks to its early discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope. Discs seen from this view are a unique laboratory to study the settling and drift of dust grains. An international team of astronomers have used Webb to investigate the target in unprecedented detail. By combining Webb’s observations with those from Hubble and ALMA, the team was able to study the multiwavelength disc appearance of the system. The four smaller images on the left show HH 30 as it appears at visible, near-infrared, millimetre, and mid-infrared wavelengths. The larger image on the right combines data from Webb’s Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI). The submillimetre image from ALMA, which shows the location of millimetre-sized dust grains, is dramatically different from the infrared and visible-light perspectives from Webb and Hubble. While the Webb and Hubble observations reveal delicate structures that extend into space, the ALMA observations show that the large dust grains are narrowly concentrated in the central plane of the disc. These Webb observations were taken as part of the Webb GO programme #2562 (PI F. Ménard, K. Stapelfeldt), which aims to understand how dust evolves in edge-on discs like HH 30. Combined with the keen radio-wavelength eyes of ALMA, these observations show that large dust grains must migrate within the disc and settle in a thin layer. The creation of a narrow, dense layer of dust is an important stage in the process of planet formation. In this dense region, dust grains clump together to form pebbles and eventually planets themselves. In addition to the behaviour of dust grains, the Webb, Hubble, and ALMA images reveal several distinct structures that are nested within one another. Emerging at a 90-degree angle from the narrow central disc is a high-velocity jet of gas. The narrow jet is surrounded by a wider, cone-shaped outflow. Enclosing the conical outflow is a wide nebula that reflects the light from the young star that is embedded within the disc. Together, these data reveal HH 30 to be a dynamic place, where tiny dust grains and massive jets alike play a role in the formation of new planets. [Image Description: A collage of four small and one large images of protoplanetary disc HH 30, from different telescopes and in various colours representing different wavelengths of light. Each displays different features of the disc and the outflows around it. They are labelled (top to bottom and left to right) “Hubble/Visible”, “Webb/Near-infrared”, “Webb/Mid-infrared”, “ALMA/Millimetre”, and (the large one) “Webb/Infrared”.] Links Science paper Webb image of HH 30 Annotated image of HH 30’s featuresThe many faces of HH 30https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/universo/tierrahttps://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo2623.jpgThe NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope completed its 200,000th orbit around Earth on 19 September 2026, marking another new milestone for an observatory that continues to transform our understanding of the Universe. Hubble has traveled more than 8 billion kilometres around Earth over its 36-year lifetime, exceeding 1.7 million total observations. An observation completed on the day of the 200,000th orbit pertains to one of Hubble’s defining scientific legacies: measuring the expansion rate of the universe, or the Hubble Constant. The image takes advantage of the telescope’s ability to return to the same regions of the sky over time to monitor for the reappearance of a supernova, or explosion of a star, called Athena. Massive galaxy cluster MACS J0417, located at the left center of the image, acts as a gravitational lens, bending and magnifying light from objects far behind it. Light from a supernova can reach Earth along multiple paths, causing the same stellar explosion to appear more than once at times separated by months or even years depending on the path it took. Supernova Athena, discovered by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope in 2025, is predicted to reappear between now and early March 2027. Measuring the timing of Athena’s reappearances can help researchers map the mass of MACS J0417, which acts as a magnifying, foreground lens for distant objects, and refine our understanding of the expansion rate of the universe. After more than 36 years in space, Hubble still is reaching new heights of scientific productivity and impact. Hubble’s unique ability to observe and analyze light in ultraviolet and visible wavelengths complements other observatories’ capabilities. As a result, demand for Hubble observing time remains high as astronomers request about seven times as much observing time as is available each year. Hubble continues to observe targets across every area of astronomy around the clock. [Image description: A dense galaxy cluster fills the image, with bright galaxies concentrated near the centre and numerous more distant galaxies visible throughout the dark background, including several faint, elongated arcs distorted by gravitational lensing.]Hubble seeks lensed supernova, marks 200,000 orbitshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/webb-revela-con-mayor-detalle-el-andamiaje-invisible-de-la-materia-oscurahttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000358/GSFC_20171208_Archive_e000358~orig.jpgWebb revela con mayor detalle el andamiaje invisible de la materia oscuraJames Webb Space Telescope Revealedhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/observacion/observatorios/telescopio-espacial-james-webbhttps://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/large/potm2609a.jpgThis NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month features galaxies in incredible detail that have been warped and multiplied like they’ve stepped into a house of mirrors. The brilliant golden galaxies splashed across this image belong to a galaxy cluster called MACS J0454.1-0300. The orange galaxies concentrated on one side of the cluster are not actually part of the cluster; these galaxies are much farther away from us than the galaxies that make up MACS J0454.1-0300. MACS J0454.1-0300 is itself incredibly distant: the light from these galaxies has been travelling to us for so long that we’re seeing the cluster as it was when the Universe was about 8 billion years old. While this galaxy cluster is a valuable scientific target in its own right, the real stars of this image are the galaxies that appear warped and stretched, like a painting that has been smeared by a giant hand. These strange-looking galaxies are of immense interest to astronomers. The way these galaxies look is the result of gravitational lensing, in which the enormous mass of a foreground object such as a galaxy cluster bends and magnifies the light from a more distant object in the background. Gravitational lensing allows astronomers to observe galaxies, star clusters and even individual stars that are too far away for our telescopes to see under normal conditions. While the large, orange galaxies appear obviously distorted, look carefully at some of the small reddish background galaxies throughout this picture: even at the very edges of the frame, there are galaxies whose images have been bent into tiny arcs by MACS J0454.1-0300’s gravity. In addition to making galaxies look stretched out or bent, gravitational lensing can also make us see double — or quadruple. Under certain conditions, multiple images of the same galaxy can appear. It’s rare to see four or more images of the same galaxy, as this requires the position of the background object and the shape of the massive foreground object to be just so. Because the requirements are so particular, this phenomenon is only seen in 10–20% of galaxy clusters. Researchers spotted this rare configuration twice in the Webb observations of MACS J0454.1-0300, marking the first time this phenomenon has been seen more than once in the same galaxy cluster. The gravitationally lensed areas show multiple images of galaxies from when the Universe was young: a group of galaxies 2 billion years after the Big Bang, and a single galaxy just 800 million years old after the Big Bang. The galaxy group appears to be going through a merger, resulting in an enormous burst of star formation. Astronomers have also identified individual bright ‘knots’ within these gravitationally lensed areas, corresponding to regions as small as 5 light-years across. These tiny clumps appear magnified by a factor of more than 300, in some cases. A NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image of this same cluster was released in 2014. Take a moment to compare the two images; the difference between them is dramatic. Start by finding the similarities: the two bright stars from within our own galaxy that happened to make it into the picture, and the fuzzy white galaxy near the centre of the cluster. The new Webb image reveals hundreds of galaxies missing from the earlier image. These galaxies were there all along, but Webb is much more sensitive to their much redder light. The data behind this image come from two observing programmes (#5058, PI: Furtak; #6882, PI: Fujimoto) that leverage the ability of massive galaxy clusters to bring distant objects into view. One programme searches for individual gravitationally lensed stars in the first billion years of the Universe. This programme will monitor a particular gravitationally lensed galaxy in the MACS J0454.1-0300 field of view for signs of hugely magnified single stars. The second programme aims to observe a large sample of galaxy clusters at many wavelengths, helping researchers study the onset star formation and the evolution of early galaxies. [Image Description: A massive galaxy cluster, made of many golden elliptical galaxies with the largest, brightest one in the centre. Heavily distorted orange galaxies appear all around the cluster, the largest concentrated in a large arc around the cluster's centre; these are images of very distant galaxies, created by gravitational lensing. A few galaxies are large and bluish-white in colour; bright, nearby stars are the same colour.] Links Image on ESA website Pan video: MACS J0454.1-0300Galaxies in a cosmic house of mirrorshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/de-los-detectores-al-minor-planet-center-asi-procesara-neo-surveyor-su-busqueda-de-asteroideshttps://d2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net/original_images/E1-PIA26388_neos-illustration-stamp.jpgConcepto artístico de NEO Surveyor en el espacio. NASA/JPL-Caltech, 2024; no es una fotografía.NEO Surveyor — concepto artístico oficial NASA/JPLhttps://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/arabidopsis-crecio-en-regolito-de-apolo-pero-las-plantas-mostraron-senales-de-estreshttps://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/jsc2007e034221/jsc2007e034221~orig.jpgArabidopsis creció en regolito de Apolo, pero las plantas mostraron señales de estrésApollo 11 spacecraft pre-launchhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/roman-ya-esta-en-camino-a-l2-asi-fue-el-lanzamiento-del-telescopio-de-la-nasa-2https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20260821-PH-SPX01_0007/KSC-20260821-PH-SPX01_0007~orig.pngRoman ya está en camino a L2: así fue el lanzamiento del telescopio de la NASARoman Space Telescope Encapsulationhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/de-sputnik-a-apollo-como-la-rivalidad-espacial-llevo-a-estados-unidos-a-fijar-una-meta-lunarhttps://live.staticflickr.com/3853/14480682307_9df09a4b17_b.jpgDe Sputnik a Apollo: cómo la rivalidad espacial llevó a Estados Unidos a fijar una meta lunarApollo 11 Spacecraft Handle. The only flown external handle from the Apollo programhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/https://www.cosmoinsider.com/articulos/particulas-rapidas-o-lentas-como-el-crecimiento-de-las-galaxias-puede-acotar-la-materia-oscurahttps://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/cds/svs/a010000/a013600/a013621/Roman_Space_Telescope_Animation1_Still.jpg?w=2000&fit=clip&crop=faces%2CfocalpointRoman y la materia oscura: cómo las lentes débiles medirán la distribución de la materiaDark Matterhttps://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/